Notes

Chapter 1

1. 1 Margaret Horsfield and Ian Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound: A History (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 2014), 15.
2. 2 Joanna Streetly, ed., Salt in Our Blood: An Anthology of Westcoast Moments (Tofino, BC: Aquila Instincts, 2002), 8.
3. 3 Ibid.
4. 4 “The Great Tsunami of 1964,” Port Alberni Maritime Heritage, portalbernimaritimeheritage.ca.
5. 5 Edmonton Journal, April 3, 1964.
6. 6 Ibid.
7. 7 Corryn Wetzel, “Record-​Breaking Rogue Wave Detected Off Vancouver Island,” Smithsonian Magazine, February 18, 2022, www.smithsonianmag.com.

Chapter 2

1. 1 A midden is a heap containing waste material thrown away in the past. Shells, bones and artifacts found in middens provide important archaeological information.
2. 2 Vancouver Sun, October 15, 1991.
3. 3 Jan Peterson, Journeys Down the Alberni Canal to Barkley Sound (Lantzville, BC: Oolichan, 1999), 31.
4. 4 Masters of the Pacific Coast, episode 1, Knowledge Network, 2016.
5. 5 More details about seasonal harvesting can be found on the Toquaht Nation website, toquaht.ca/.
6. 6 Nadine Crookes, “Being Nuu-​chah-​nulth,” in Writing the West Coast, eds. Christine Lowther and Anita Sinner (Vancouver: Ronsdale, 2008), 32.
7. 7 Peterson, Journeys, 28.
8. 8 Tofino-​Ucluelet Westerly News, February 1980.

Chapter 3

1. 1 Mission Field, A Monthly Record of the Proceedings of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, at Home and Abroad, vol. 14 (London: Bell & Daldy, 1869), 50.
2. 2 Peterson, Journeys, 67.
3. 3 Ibid., 68.
4. 4 Ibid., 67.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Maa-​nulth Treaty Society, Maa-​nulth Treaty, directed by Cody Graham, MediaOne, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GWIDcpjmu4.
7. 7 “Be the Change,” directed by Phil Hood, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yA10ufujoL0.
8. 8 Quoted in “The Indian Act Naming Policies,” Indigenous Corporate Training Inc., March 11, 2014, www.ictinc.ca/blog/indian-​act-​naming-​policies.
9. 9 Day schools, like residential schools, were segregated schools run by the churches, but day school students resided with family and/or friends instead of boarding at the schools.
10. 10 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 33.
11. 11 Bob Joseph, 21 Things You May Not Know About the Indian Act (Port Coquitlam, BC: Indigenous Relations, 2018), 49.
12. 12 Andrew Scott, The Encyclopedia of Raincoast Place Names: A Complete Reference to Coastal British Columbia (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 2009), 239.
13. 13 Victoria Colonist, June 30, 1900.
14. 14 Maa-​nulth Treaty, directed by Cody Graham.
15. 15 Ibid.
16. 16 Westerly News, December 15, 2021.
17. 17 Ibid.
18. 18 Umacuk online magazine, October 2018.
19. 19 Federation of BC Writers, “Story Weavers—A Memoir Workshop,” online, August 3, 2020.
20. 20 Westerly News, August 3, 2022.
21. 21 Westerly News, September 27, 2023.
22. 22 University of Victoria Alumni, “Decolonization and Reconciliation,” webinar, April 13, 2021.

Chapter 4

1. 1 Beth Hill and Cathy Converse, The Remarkable World of Frances Barkley, 1769–1845 (Surrey, BC: TouchWood, 2003), 62.
2. 2 Pelagic sealing involved hunting fur seals in the ocean rather than killing them on land.
3. 3 Daily Colonist, June 5, 1881.
4. 4 Daily Colonist, May 11, 1924.
5. 5 Daily Colonist, July 18, 1914.
6. 6 Charles Spring, Origin of Pelagic Sealing in British Columbia and Its Progress, April 12, 1927, transcribed by R.G. Gaba, 1993.
7. 7 Washington State Archives, digitalarchives.wa.gov/.
8. 8 Hill and Converse, 45.
9. 9 Ibid., 51.
10. 10 Captain John T. Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1996), 274.
11. 11 Ibid.
12. 12 Hill and Converse, 140.
13. 13 Ibid., 78.
14. 14 E. Blanche Norcross, ed., The Company on the Coast (Nanaimo, BC: Nanaimo Historical Society, 1983).
15. 15 British Colonist, January 12, 1861.
16. 16 Daily Colonist, March 29, 1861.
17. 17 Daily Colonist, November 21, 1863.
18. 18 A Glance Through the Tofino-​Ucluelet Area, compiled by the Ucluelet Recreation Commission, undated.
19. 19 Peter Murray, The Vagabond Fleet: A Chronicle of the North Pacific Sealing Schooner Trade (Victoria: Sono Nis Press, 1988).
20. 20 Daily Colonist, May 21, 1978.
21. 21 Scott, Encyclopedia of Raincoast Place Names.
22. 22 Francis collection, UAHS (Ucluelet and Area Historical Society) Archives.
23. 23 Ibid. In retrospect, it is clearly obvious why they would not be greeted in a “too courteous” manner. Francis’s remark illustrates the entitled colonial attitude of the times.
24. 24 Augustin Brabant, Mission to Nootka: 1874–1900, ed. Charles Lillard (Sidney, BC: Gray’s Publishing, 1977), 24.

Chapter 5

1. 1 Eugene Arima and Alan Hoover, The Whaling People of the West Coast of Vancouver Island and Cape Flattery (Victoria: Royal BC Museum, 2011), 57.
2. 2 Ibid., 60.
3. 3 Ibid., 63.
4. 4 Daily Colonist, November 29, 1898.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Ibid.
7. 7 Scott, Encyclopedia of Raincoast Names.
8. 8 Daily Colonist, November 5, 1907.
9. 9 Peterson, Journeys, 115.
10. 10 Ibid., 117.
11. 11 Ibid., 118.
12. 12 Victoria Daily Times, July 30, 1908.
13. 13 Victoria Daily Times, July 18, 1908.
14. 14 Ibid.
15. 15 Victoria Daily Times, March 14, 1910.
16. 16 Daily Province, March 26, 1918.
17. 17 Peterson, Journeys, 113.
18. 18 Edward J. Gregr et al., “Migration and population structure of Northeastern Pacific whales off coastal British Columbia: An analysis of commercial whaling records from 1908–1967,” Marine Mammal Science 16, no. 4 (October 2000): 699–727.
19. 19 Vancouver Daily World, August 22, 1908.

Chapter 6

1. 1 Brabant, Mission to Nootka, 13.
2. 2 Ibid., 15.
3. 3 Ibid.
4. 4 Ibid., 16.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Ibid., 20.
7. 7 Ibid.
8. 8 Ibid., 28.
9. 9 Ibid.
10. 10 Ibid., 64.
11. 11 Ibid., 68.
12. 12 Ibid.
13. 13 Ibid.
14. 14 Ibid., 70.
15. 15 Joseph Van der Heyden, Life and Letters of Father Brabant (Louvain, 1920).
16. 16 Colonist, December 2, 1900.
17. 17 Daily Colonist, March 28, 1911.
18. 18 Brabant, Mission to Nootka, 113. It is believed he was referring to Rev. Melvin Swartout.
19. 19 Frank Camp, unpublished booklet on the history of Ucluelet’s Holy Family Church, UAHS Archives.
20. 20 George Pringle, In Great Waters: The Story of the United Church Marine Missions (Toronto: United Church of Canada, 1928).
21. 21 Victoria Daily Colonist, June 12, 1889.
22. 22 Online Library Division, BC Archives.
23. 23 Alfred Carmichael, Indian Legends of Vancouver Island (Toronto: Musson, 1922).
24. 24 Colonist, January 8, 1898.
25. 25 Colonist, July 21, 1904.
26. 26 Colonist, July 20, 1904.
27. 27 Colonist, July 15, 1904.
28. 28 Colonist, October 4, 1904.
29. 29 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 316.
30. 30 Ibid., 320.
31. 31 Province, May 3, 1956.
32. 32 Alberni Valley Times, October 26, 1970.
33. 33 Times Colonist, April 6, 1965.
34. 34 John MacFarlane, “The Shanteymen’s Christian Association and the Messenger III,” Nauticapedia.ca, 2019, www.nauticapedia.ca/Gallery/Messenger_III.php.
35. 35 Earl Johnson, Looking Astern: Reminiscing a Lifetime on Vancouver Island’s Rugged and Historic West Coast (Campbell River, BC: Ptarmigan Press, 2018), 91.
36. 36 Ibid., 62.

Chapter 7

1. 1 Jan Bridget, Will Sutton: Vancouver Island’s Forgotten Trail Blazer (Self-​published, 2020), 136.
2. 2 Ibid.
3. 3 Ibid., 150.
4. 4 Daily Colonist, September 7, 1895.
5. 5 Daily Colonist, February 13, 1903.
6. 6 Ibid.
7. 7 Victoria Colonist, May 10, 1914.
8. 8 Bridget, 155.
9. 9 Victoria Colonist, October 21, 1966.
10. 10 Times Colonist, October 3, 1974.
11. 11 Ibid.
12. 12 Ibid.
13. 13 Scott, Encyclopedia of Raincoast Place Names.
14. 14 Daily Colonist, November 17, 1939.
15. 15 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview with Grace and Larry Krueger, July 18, 1973.
16. 16 Ibid.
17. 17 Ibid.
18. 18 British Colonist, January 3, 1901.
19. 19 Daily Colonist, July 1, 1956.
20. 20 George Nicholson, Vancouver Island’s West Coast 1762–1962 (Victoria: Morriss Printing, 1962), 211.
21. 21 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
22. 22 J. David Perkins, “Whiskers Thompson—Seaman, Submariner, Smuggler,” www.gwpda.org/naval/pers0004.htm.
23. 23 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
24. 24 Margaret Thompson interview with author, July 23, 2018.
25. 25 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
26. 26 Ibid.
27. 27 Ibid.
28. 28 Daily Colonist, May 7, 1901.
29. 29 Phyllis Martin, Westcoasters (unpublished).
30. 30 Ibid.
31. 31 Province, February 17, 1939.
32. 32 West Coaster, October 20, 1960, article by Elsie Hillier.
33. 33 Ibid.
34. 34 Bill Dale, “George Fraser,” Journal of the American Rhododendron Society 53, no. 2, scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JARS/v53n2/v53n2-​dale.htm.
35. 35 W.A. Dale, Frances Gundry and Stuart S. Holland, George Fraser Plantsman (Victoria, BC: 1988).
36. 36 Ibid.
37. 37 West Coast Advocate, 1935.
38. 38 Bill Dale, George Fraser’s Rhododendrons (Victoria, BC: 2006).
39. 39 Westerly News, May 11, 1994.
40. 40 Loraine Pilon family records.
41. 41 Victoria Colonist, January 24, 1954.
42. 42 Daily Colonist, September 16, 1979, article by Harry McKeever.
43. 43 Daily Colonist, September 16, 1979.
44. 44 Ibid.
45. 45 Helen Watts presentation, UAHS Archives.
46. 46 Times Colonist, July 21, 1962.
47. 47 Ibid.
48. 48 Daily Colonist, October 22, 1970.
49. 49 Alberni Valley Times, June 6, 1973.
50. 50 Victoria Daily Colonist, July 8, 1956.
51. 51 Vonda Tugwell article, UAHS.

Chapter 8

1. 1 Martin, Westcoasters.
2. 2 Vancouver Island Development League advertisement, UAHS Archives.
3. 3 Norah Thompson, “The Karn Family in Canada,” unpublished article, UAHS Archives.
4. 4 Ibid.
5. 5 Daily Colonist, July 16, 1972, article by Phyllis James.
6. 6 Ann Branscombe interview with author, November 29, 2018.
7. 7 A corduroy road is made by placing logs perpendicular to the direction of the road or trackway, over muddy and swampy terrain.
8. 8 Daily Colonist, July 16, 1972.
9. 9 Thompson, “The Karn Family in Canada.”
10. 10 Daily Colonist, July 16, 1972.
11. 11 Westerly News, October 1954.
12. 12 Daily Colonist, December 3, 1922.
13. 13 Daily Colonist, November 30, 1962.
14. 14 Ibid.
15. 15 Ibid.
16. 16 The garbage dump was eventually moved to a landfill area accessed in Pacific Rim National Park.
17. 17 Len O’Dell unpublished article, May 28, 2004, Denise Reide collection.
18. 18 The Islander, April 11, 1914.
19. 19 Daily News Advertiser, February 22, 1914.
20. 20 Daily Colonist, December 3, 1922.
21. 21 Daily Colonist, March 27, 1938.
22. 22 Westerly News, February 19, 1992.

Chapter 9

1. 1 The Graveyard of the Pacific stretches along the West Coast from around Tillamook Bay in Oregon to Cape Scott on the northern tip of Vancouver Island.
2. 2 Daily Colonist, January 6, 1900.
3. 3 The “Capt. Webb style” comment refers to Captain Matthew Webb, the first person to swim the English Channel for sport and without the use of artificial aids. He became a celebrity swimmer. Webb died in 1883 at the age of thirty-​five while attempting to swim the Whirlpool Rapids below Niagara Falls.
4. 4 Daily Colonist, June 5, 1885.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 British Colonist, December 13, 1860.
7. 7 Daily Colonist, December 14, 1860.
8. 8 Daily Colonist, January 11, 1861.
9. 9 Ibid.
10. 10 Daily Colonist, November 24, 1912.
11. 11 Ibid.
12. 12 Daily Colonist, December 30, 1905.
13. 13 Daily Colonist, December 28, 1905.
14. 14 San Francisco Examiner, December 28, 1905.
15. 15 San Francisco Call, December 29, 1905.
16. 16 Daily Colonist, December 28, 1905.
17. 17 Vancouver Daily World, December 28, 1905.
18. 18 San Francisco Call, December 29, 1905.
19. 19 Daily Colonist, June 18, 1909.
20. 20 San Francisco Examiner, December 29, 1905.
21. 21 Nicholson, Vancouver Island’s West Coast, 24.
22. 22 Daily Colonist, November 18, 1916.
23. 23 Ibid.
24. 24 Daily Colonist, November 17, 1916.
25. 25 Ibid.
26. 26 Ibid.
27. 27 The newspaper articles do not elaborate on how the men would know the direction of land, but experienced seafarers in my family have said that they would have known by the direction of the swells, and also by the location of the sun. I remember my father trying to drill this knowledge into me when I was out fishing with him.
28. 28 Daily Colonist, November 21, 1916.
29. 29 It was at one point mistakenly reported in the Daily Colonist that they had been found in Barkley Sound. Daily Colonist, November 18, 1916.
30. 30 Breeches buoy: a canvas seat in the form of breeches hung from a lifebuoy running on a hawser and used to haul persons from one ship to another or from ship to shore, especially in rescue operations.
31. 31 Montreal Gazette, February 16, 1923.
32. 32 Victoria Daily Times, April 10, 1923.
33. 33 R. Bruce Scott, Breakers Ahead (Sidney, BC: Review Publishing House, 1970), 146.
34. 34 Alberni Valley Times, March 17, 1972.
35. 35 Times Colonist, August 14, 1925.
36. 36 Claudia Cole, unpublished article, UAHS archives.
37. 37 Province, February 21, 1946.
38. 38 Daily Colonist, October 16, 1947.
39. 39 Nanaimo Daily News, January 4, 1962.
40. 40 Gazette, January 5, 1962.
41. 41 Brandon Sun, January 4, 1962.
42. 42 Province, January 4, 1962.
43. 43 Times Colonist, January 5, 1962.
44. 44 Alberni Valley Times, March 15, 1972.
45. 45 Ibid.
46. 46 North Bay Nugget, March 27, 1972.
47. 47 Vancouver Sun, March 28, 1972.
48. 48 Jack Knox, “The Wreck Vanlene Was Awash in Cars,” Times Colonist, October 18, 2014.
49. 49 Times Colonist, April 3, 1972.
50. 50 Times Colonist, April 11, 1972.

Chapter 10

1. 1 Donald Graham, Keepers of the Light (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 1985), 195.
2. 2 Ibid.
3. 3 Victoria Daily Times, January 17, 1914.
4. 4 Graham, Keepers of the Light, 196.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Helen Watts collection, UAHS Archives.
7. 7 Graham, Keepers of the Light, 198.
8. 8 Vancouver Sun, February 22, 1915.
9. 9 Times Colonist, February 13, 1983.
10. 10 Ibid.
11. 11 Helen Watts collection, UAHS Archives
12. 12 Peter Johnson and John Walls, To the Lighthouse: An Explorer’s Guide to the Island Lighthouses of SouthwesternBC (Victoria: Heritage House, 2015), 209.
13. 13 Times Colonist, March 10, 1919.
14. 14 Helen Watts collection, UAHS Archives.
15. 15 Ibid.
16. 16 Ibid.
17. 17 Ibid.
18. 18 Ibid.
19. 19 Ibid.
20. 20 Ibid.
21. 21 Ibid.
22. 22 Ibid.
23. 23 Ibid.
24. 24 Ibid.
25. 25 Alberni Valley Times, December 9, 1987.
26. 26 Ibid.

Chapter 11

1. 1 Victoria Daily Times, February 19, 1912.
2. 2 Ibid.
3. 3 Times Colonist, February 16, 1912.
4. 4 Province, November 26, 1913.
5. 5 Daily Colonist, December 30, 1913.
6. 6 Ibid.
7. 7 Daily Colonist, October 17, 1915.
8. 8 Vancouver Daily World, June 10, 1918.
9. 9 Vancouver Daily Times, June 10, 1918.
10. 10 Alberni Valley Times, February 4, 1976.
11. 11 Sandy Henry interview with author, February 17, 2024.
12. 12 Times, December 23, 1980.

Chapter 12

1. 1 William L. Hillier’s Coal Harbour diary, courtesy Frank Hillier.
2. 2 Frank Hillier interview with author, October 21, 2022.
3. 3 Ann Matterson interview, UAHS Archives.
4. 4 Ibid.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Daily Colonist, August 5, 1973.

Chapter 13

1. 1 Port Alberni newspaper clipping, undated, UAHS Archives.
2. 2 Daily News Advertiser, July 12, 1914.
3. 3 Daily Colonist, June 22, 1900.
4. 4 Daily Colonist, May 18, 1913.
5. 5 Peterson, Journeys, 217.
6. 6 Daily Colonist, July 18, 1913.
7. 7 Ian Kennedy, The Best Loved Boat (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 2023), 26.
8. 8 Daily Colonist, November 13, 1913.
9. 9 Ibid., 67.
10. 10 Daily Colonist, August 31, 1975.
11. 11 Ibid.
12. 12 Ibid.
13. 13 Ibid.
14. 14 Ibid.
15. 15 Ibid.
16. 16 Nanaimo Daily News, August 15, 1958.
17. 17 Peterson, Journeys, 224.
18. 18 Ibid.
19. 19 Ibid.
20. 20 Ibid., 255.
21. 21 Peterson, Journeys, 225.
22. 22 David Esson Young, The Uchuck Years: A West Coast Shipping Saga (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 2012), 44.
23. 23 Ibid, 56.
24. 24 Jan Peterson, Twin Cities: Alberni–Port Alberni (Lantzville, BC: Oolichan, 1994), 247.
25. 25 Ibid.
26. 26 Ibid., 230.
27. 27 Ibid., 247.
28. 28 The Sault Star, March 27, 1981.
29. 29 Moe Yesaki quoted in: John Endo Greenaway, “Ryoshi: Nikkei Fishermen of the BC Coast,” The Bulletin: A Journal of Japanese Canadian Community, History and Culture, October 31, 2012.
30. 30 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 373.
31. 31 Daily Colonist, February 10, 1931.
32. 32 Ibid.
33. 33 Howard White and Jim Spilsbury, The Accidental Airline (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 1994), 37.
34. 34 Ibid., 41.
35. 35 Times Colonist, March 10, 1951.
36. 36 Nanaimo Daily News, August 31, 1956.
37. 37 Times Colonist, September 21, 2013.
38. 38 White and Spilsbury, Accidental Airline, 160.
39. 39 Ibid.
40. 40 Vancouver News-​Herald, August 21, 1952.
41. 41 Vaida Siga interview with author, July 16, 2024.
42. 42 Times Colonist, December 4, 1936.
43. 43 Leslie Hempsall, We Stand on Guard for Thee: A History of the War Years at the Royal Canadian Air Force Stations, Ucluelet and Tofino (Surrey, BC: Coomber-​Hempsall, 2003), 125.
44. 44 Ucluelet newspaper clipping (undated), letter to the editor from J.L. Thompson, Norah Thompson scrapbook, UAHS Archives.
45. 45 Daily News Advertiser, February 22, 1914.
46. 46 Times Colonist, December 4, 1936.
47. 47 MacMillan Bloedel News, August 1967.
48. 48 Ibid.
49. 49 Ibid.
50. 50 Nanaimo Daily News, November 17, 1959.
51. 51 Terry Smith interview with author, July 19, 2024.
52. 52 Westerly News, August 17, 1994.
53. 53 “Highway 4—Kennedy Hill Safety Improvements,” Government of British Columbia, September 9, 2024, www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation/transportation-​infrastructure/projects/highway4kennedyhill.

Chapter 14

1. 1 Polly Shimizu interview online.
2. 2 Brian Tugwell letter, UAHS Archives.
3. 3 Shirley Pynn interview with author, July 19, 2019.
4. 4 Shirley Oye interview with author, October 22, 2022.
5. 5 Mary and Suzy Kimoto, Landscapes of Injustice interview by Josh Labove, July 27, 2015.
6. 6 Ibid.
7. 7 Ibid.
8. 8 Ibid.
9. 9 Sylvia Taylor, Beckoned by the Sea: Women at Work on the Cascadia Coast (Victoria, BC: Heritage House, 2017), 148.
10. 10 Hempsall, We Stand on Guard for Thee, 103.
11. 11 Taylor, Beckoned by the Sea, 148.
12. 12 Kimoto, Landscapes of Injustice interview.
13. 13 Cultural Heritage Week display at Kwisitis, Pacific Rim Arts Society.
14. 14 Westerly News, October 15, 1992.
15. 15 Westerly News, June 5, 2019.
16. 16 Ibid.
17. 17 Ibid.

Chapter 15

1. 1 Martin, Westcoasters.
2. 2 Ibid.
3. 3 Daily Colonist, September 13, 1919.
4. 4 Ibid.
5. 5 Victoria Daily Times, June 24, 1918.
6. 6 Daily Colonist, August 14, 1914.
7. 7 Daily Colonist, December 2, 1915.
8. 8 Perkins, “Whiskers Thompson.”
9. 9 Ibid.
10. 10 Daily Colonist, December 30, 1962.
11. 11 Ibid.
12. 12 Martin, Westcoasters.
13. 13 Norah Thompson, unpublished article, UAHS Archives.
14. 14 Daily Colonist, August 27, 1918.
15. 15 Hempsall, We Stand on Guard for Thee, 15.
16. 16 Cedar Bark and Sea: A Glance Through Tofino-​Ucluelet and Surrounding Area (compiled by Ucluelet Recreation Commission, undated), 86.
17. 17 Eric Stofer, R.C.A.F. Station—Ucluelet B.C. (Recollections) (Victoria: Self-​published, 1995), 35.
18. 18 Hempsall, We Stand on Guard for Thee, 13.
19. 19 Ibid., 8.
20. 20 Ibid., 30.
21. 21 Star Weekly, November 1, 1941.
22. 22 Ibid.
23. 23 Crash of Stranraer 928, written account by survivor Sergeant Frank Rogers.
24. 24 Ibid.
25. 25 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
26. 26 Elsie Hillier, “A History of Ucluelet 1899–1954,” unpublished article.
27. 27 Hempsall, We Stand on Guard for Thee, 30.
28. 28 Chris Weicht, Jericho Beach and the West Coast Flying Boat Stations (Chemainus, BC: MCW Enterprises, 1997), 66.
29. 29 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 392.
30. 30 Ibid., 393.
31. 31 Nicholson, Vancouver Island’s West Coast, 37.
32. 32 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 394.
33. 33 Ibid., 395.
34. 34 Stofer, R.C.A.F. Station, 117.
35. 35 Hempsall, We Stand on Guard for Thee, 25.
36. 36 Ibid., 116.
37. 37 Times Colonist, November 7, 1993.
38. 38 Star Weekly, November 1, 1941.
39. 39 Ibid.
40. 40 Weicht, Jericho Beach, 66.
41. 41 Cedar Bark and Sea, 86.
42. 42 Ibid.
43. 43 Ibid., 85.
44. 44 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
45. 45 Frank Hillier interview.
46. 46 Ibid.
47. 47 Hempsall, We Stand on Guard for Thee, 32.
48. 48 Mike Mead-​Miller interview with author, December 13, 2018.
49. 49 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
50. 50 UAHS Archives.
51. 51 “Remembrance Day—Veterans Prepare to Remember,” UAHS unpublished article.
52. 52 Ibid.

Chapter 16

1. 1 Daily Colonist, August 16, 1895.
2. 2 Victoria Daily Colonist, November 20, 1900.
3. 3 Ibid.
4. 4 Daily Colonist, July 9, 1900.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Times Colonist, July 18, 1900.
7. 7 Daily Colonist, September 25, 1900.
8. 8 Daily Colonist, August 19, 1900.
9. 9 A retort is a device used for distillation of substances that are placed inside and subjected to heat.
10. 10 Victoria Daily Times, November 19, 1903.
11. 11 Nanaimo Daily News, April 5, 1911.
12. 12 Dennis Craig unpublished reminiscences, UAHS Archives
13. 13 Daily Colonist, January 8, 1901.
14. 14 Daily Colonist, May 21, 1901.
15. 15 Daily Colonist, October 5, 1901.
16. 16 Weekly News-​Advertiser, September 25, 1900.
17. 17 Walter Guppy, “An Outline of Mining Development in the Tofino-​Ucluelet Area,” Cedar Bark and Sea, 96.
18. 18 Ibid.
19. 19 Times Colonist, November 28, 2008.

Chapter 17

1. 1 Times Colonist, October 26, 1886.
2. 2 Daily Colonist, August 6, 1895.
3. 3 Peterson, Journeys, 108.
4. 4 West Coast Advocate, 1937.
5. 5 Daily Colonist, September 20, 1995.
6. 6 Peterson, Journeys, 181.
7. 7 Ibid., 179.
8. 8 Ibid.
9. 9 Frank Hillier interview.
10. 10 Daily Colonist, March 9, 1913.
11. 11 Peterson, Journeys, 110.
12. 12 Westerly News, December 7, 1968.
13. 13 Daily Colonist, March 24, 1915.
14. 14 Port Alberni News, March 27, 1918.
15. 15 Westerly News, December 7, 1968.
16. 16 From Tides to Tins, tidestotins.ca.
17. 17 Colonist, January 4, 1936.
18. 18 Mary Christmas, Nice Things That Happen in Ucluelet (Ucluelet, BC: Sea View Seniors’ Housing Society, undated), 79.
19. 19 Lloyd Bridal personal reminiscences.
20. 20 Ibid.
21. 21 “History of Port Albion,” Phil Hood video, YouTube 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=su3-njFBeul.
22. 22 Nicholson, Vancouver Island’s West Coast, 245.
23. 23 Alan Haig-​Brown, Still Fishin’: TheBC Fishing Industry Revisited (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 2010), 146.
24. 24 Art and Mary Baird interview with Grace and Larry Krueger, July 7, 1973.
25. 25 Ha-Shilth-Sa newspaper, March 20, 2024.
26. 26 Province, March 12, 1936.
27. 27 A Glance Through the Ucluelet-​Tofino Area, 24.
28. 28 Vancouver Sun, March 16, 1987.
29. 29 Braela Kwan, “The World Loves a Fish Called Hake. Why Don’t We Eat It Here?” The Tyee, July 4, 2020.
30. 30 International Pacific Halibut Commission, www.iphc.int/.
31. 31 Information shared by Dan Edwards.
32. 32 Times Colonist, October 7, 1967.
33. 33 Paul Kariya, “Ucluelet Fishing Company and Japanese Canadians in Ucluelet,” Nikkei Images 26, no. 1.
34. 34 Ibid.
35. 35 Alberni Valley Times, March 14, 1973.
36. 36 The term “highliner” refers to a successful fisherman noted for catching large numbers of fish.
37. 37 Elling Reite reminiscences, UAHS Archives.
38. 38 Douglas Shigeru Kimoto obituary.
39. 39 Westerly News, December 25, 2020.
40. 40 Ha-Shilth-Sa, November 16, 2018.
41. 41 Daily Colonist, October 28, 1931.
42. 42 Vancouver Sun, January 21, 1964.
43. 43 Ibid.
44. 44 Ibid.
45. 45 Frank Hillier interview.
46. 46 Joey Edwards interview with author, March 21, 2024.
47. 47 Westerly News, December 25, 2020.
48. 48 Ibid.
49. 49 Geoff Meggs, “Fisheries Policy,” KnowBC.com, www.knowbc.com/knowbc/Books/Encyclopedia-of-BC/F/Fisheries-​Policy.
50. 50 Province, May 18, 1935.
51. 51 Ibid.
52. 52 Ibid.
53. 53 Ibid.
54. 54 Province, June 1, 1935.
55. 55 Daily Colonist, May 23, 1965.
56. 56 Ibid.
57. 57 Province, July 2, 1947.
58. 58 Daily Colonist, May 23, 1965.
59. 59 Province, July 10, 1947.
60. 60 Ibid.
61. 61 Daily Colonist, September 21, 1948.
62. 62 John Gleeson, “Why I Believe in Sea Serpents,” Coast Reporter, May 3, 2018, www.coastreporter.net/opinion/why-i-believe-in-sea-​serpents-​3406861.
63. 63 Province, June 22, 1935.
64. 64 Nanaimo Daily News, July 9, 1937.

Chapter 18

1. 1 Ken Drushka, Working in the Woods: A History of Logging on the West Coast (Madeira Park, BC: Harbour, 1992), 14.
2. 2 British Colonist, February 15, 1903.
3. 3 Daily Colonist, July 11, 1895.
4. 4 Bridget, Will Sutton, 166.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Drushka, Working in the Woods, 225.
7. 7 Ibid.
8. 8 Ibid.
9. 9 These booms were usually towed across Barkley Sound and up Alberni Canal to Port Alberni for processing.
10. 10 Peterson, Journeys, 212.
11. 11 Harmac News, September 1947.
12. 12 Victor Kimola, Long Beach Knights (Bolton, ON: Self-​published, 2023), 23.
13. 13 Joe Garner, Never Chop Your Rope (Cinnabar, 1988).
14. 14 Drushka, Working in the Woods, 10.
15. 15 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 498.
16. 16 Alberni Valley Times, September 13, 1984.
17. 17 Vancouver Sun, November 20, 1984.
18. 18 Ibid.
19. 19 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 504.
20. 20 Times Colonist, November 20, 1984.
21. 21 Ibid.
22. 22 Westerly News, May 1988.
23. 23 Tony Bennet (IWA Camp Chairman for Kennedy Lake Division), letter to the editor, Alberni Valley Times, January 20, 1992.
24. 24 Westerly News, May 19, 1993.
25. 25 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 515.
26. 26 Rainforest Action Camp, August 1994, pamphlet.
27. 27 Province, November 9, 1993.
28. 28 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 520.
29. 29 Province, August 15, 1993.
30. 30 Vancouver Sun, September 2, 1993.
31. 31 Alberni Valley Times, December 27, 1996.
32. 32 Vancouver Sun, April 17, 1993.
33. 33 Denise Titian, “Logging Flores Island and Respect for MOU,” Ha-Shilth-Sa, February 28, 2011.
34. 34 Westerly News, June 26, 2024.
35. 35 BC Government News release, June 22, 2015, online.
36. 36 Ibid.
37. 37 Robin Brunet, “Forest Community: Ucluelet,” Truck LoggerBC, Summer 2020.
38. 38 Ibid.

Chapter 19

1. 1 Alberni Valley Times, March 14, 1973.
2. 2 Westerly News, September 21, 1988.
3. 3 Dennis Craig, unpublished reminiscences, UAHS Archives.
4. 4 Gordon Chorley, unpublished reminiscences, UAHS Archives.

Chapter 20

1. 1 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
2. 2 Roger Gudbranson interview with author, April 27, 2024.
3. 3 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
4. 4 Parkin grandchildren’s reminiscences, UAHS Archives.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 “Carron oil: A lotion of equal parts of linseed oil and limewater formerly applied to burns and scalds.” (Merriam-​webster.com)
7. 7 Letter from Emmie May Binns to Bud Tugwell, January 3, 1994, UAHS Archives.
8. 8 Ibid.
9. 9 Kimola, Long Beach Knights, 8.
10. 10 Vancouver News-​Herald, May 13, 1953.
11. 11 Times Colonist, August 13, 1954.
12. 12 Ha-Shilth-Sa, April 12, 2018.
13. 13 Westerly News, August 14, 2019.
14. 14 Victoria Daily Times, September 18, 1911.
15. 15 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
16. 16 Alberni Valley Times, March 14, 1973.
17. 17 Art and Mary Baird interview.
18. 18 Daily Colonist, February 15, 1920.
19. 19 Province, February 5, 1945.
20. 20 Olwen Watt interview with author, May 10, 2024.
21. 21 Ibid.
22. 22 BC Department of Education Teachers’ Bureau form, UAHS Archives.
23. 23 Ibid.
24. 24 Lloyd Bridal, unpublished article of his memories of Port Albion, UAHS Archives.
25. 25 Ibid.
26. 26 Ibid.
27. 27 Vancouver Sun, December 1, 1955.
28. 28 Westerly News, June 29, 1994, Margaret Morrison article.
29. 29 Vancouver Sun, July 23, 1952.
30. 30 Vancouver Sun, September 9, 1952.
31. 31 Times Colonist, March 7, 1966.
32. 32 Peterson, Journeys, 50.
33. 33 Gordon Chorley, unpublished reminiscences, UAHS Archives.
34. 34 Alberni Valley Times, May 22, 1973.
35. 35 Westerly News, January 14, 1987.
36. 36 Westerly News, May 8, 2019.

Chapter 21

1. 1 Victoria Daily Times, May 31, 1911.
2. 2 Ibid.
3. 3 Ibid.
4. 4 Daily Colonist, January 2, 1929.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Times Colonist, January 6, 1932.
7. 7 Dennis Craig, unpublished reminiscences, UAHS Archives.
8. 8 Margaret Thompson interview.
9. 9 Ibid.
10. 10 Terry Smith interview.
11. 11 Mary Christmas, Vittles and Vignettes Volume 2 (Ucluelet, BC: Sea View Seniors’ Housing Society, 2009), 89.
12. 12 Frank and Lavern Hillier interview with author, October 21, 2022.
13. 13 Alberni Valley Times, June 6, 1973.
14. 14 Westerly News, June 24, 1992.
15. 15 Dennis Craig unpublished reminiscences, UAHS Archives.
16. 16 Roger and Anne Gudbranson interview with author, April 27, 2024.
17. 17 Westerly News, April 15, 2015.
18. 18 Ibid.
19. 19 Ibid.
20. 20 Ibid.
21. 21 Empire Day was established to celebrate Queen Victoria’s birthday on May 24 and is now called Victoria Day.

Chapter 22

1. 1 Adrienne Mason, Long Beach Wild: A Celebration of People and Place on Canada’s Rugged Western Shore (Vancouver: Greystone, 2012), 106.
2. 2 Helen Watts email to author, April 8, 2017.
3. 3 Star-​Phoenix, April 17, 2004.
4. 4 Ibid.
5. 5 Westcoaster, October 11, 1973.
6. 6 Saturday Night, July-​August 1976.
7. 7 Ibid.
8. 8 Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names, 182.
9. 9 Nicholson, Vancouver Island’s West Coast, 83.
10. 10 Province, July 4, 1970.
11. 11 Seattle Times, June 22, 1970.
12. 12 Mason, Long Beach Wild, 161.
13. 13 Seattle Times, June 22, 1970.
14. 14 Pat Hutchinson, “Census Taking at Wreck Bay,” Cedar Bark and Sea.
15. 15 Ibid.
16. 16 Westcoaster, January 3, 1980 (citing a previous newspaper article).
17. 17 Horsfield and Kennedy, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound, 459.
18. 18 Mason, Long Beach Wild, 167.
19. 19 Ibid.
20. 20 Letter dated May 4, 1970, from BC Department of Recreation and Conservation, Parks Branch, to Robin Fells, Wickaninnish Estates Ltd., signed by R.H. Ahrens, director. Robin Fells collection.
21. 21 Alberni Valley Times, May 5, 1971.
22. 22 Ibid.
23. 23 Ibid.
24. 24 Victoria Daily Times, July 21, 1970.
25. 25 Denise Titian, “Tla-o-qui-​aht Members Urged to Visit Ty-histanis,” Ha-Shilth-Sa, February 3, 2011.
26. 26 Province, August 10, 1972.
27. 27 Streetly, Salt in our Blood, 53.
28. 28 Westerly News, 1987.

Chapter 23

1. 1 Tlehpik Hjalmer Wenstob, “Material and Cultural Transfigurations: ‘Taxed for a Totem’ and Other Short Stories of an Urban Nuu-​Chah-​Nulth Carver” (thesis, University of Victoria, 2017), 39.
2. 2 LaTiesha Fazakas, John Cussans and Candice Hopkins, Beau Dick: Devoured by Consumerism (Vancouver: Figure 1, 2019), 14.
3. 3 Arima and Hoover, Whaling People, 211.
4. 4 Art Cootes interview in Phil Hood, “Be the Change.”
5. 5 Emily Carr, Klee Wyck (Vancouver: Clarke, Irwin and Company, 1962), 35.
6. 6 Westerly News, July 13, 1994.
7. 7 Ibid., July 27, 1994.
8. 8 Ibid., June 27, 2018.
9. 9 Ibid., July 20, 2016.

Chapter 24

1. 1 Daily News Advertiser, February 22, 1914.
2. 2 Sheila Mead-​Miller interview.
3. 3 Ibid.
4. 4 Ibid.
5. 5 Ibid.
6. 6 Westerly News, February 4, 2010.
7. 7 Ibid.
8. 8 Saturday Night, July-​August 1976.
9. 9 Westerly News, February 10, 2016.
10. 10 Ibid.
11. 11 Ibid.
12. 12 Edmonton Journal, July 12, 2014.
13. 13 Ibid.
14. 14 Times Colonist, May 17, 1997.
15. 15 Vancouver Sun, March 20, 1999.
16. 16 Ibid.
17. 17 Ibid.
18. 18 Ibid.
19. 19 Vancouver Sun, January 23, 2010.
20. 20 Ibid.
21. 21 Westerly News, March 11, 2020.
22. 22 Maclean’s, October 2, 2023.
23. 23 “Walking on the Edge,” directed by Lance Blackwell, Making Waves Productions, 2009, vimeo.com/4946485.
24. 24 Edmonton Journal, July 12, 2014.
25. 25 Vi Mundy, in interview with Marina Dodis of Knowledge Network, December 2016.
26. 26 Alberni Valley Times, June 6, 1973.